diff --git a/src/Http/HlsPlayer.cpp b/src/Http/HlsPlayer.cpp
index 38e4e263..4c5f8eaf 100644
--- a/src/Http/HlsPlayer.cpp
+++ b/src/Http/HlsPlayer.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ HlsPlayer::HlsPlayer(const EventPoller::Ptr &poller) {
 void HlsPlayer::play(const string &url) {
     _play_result = false;
     _play_url = url;
+    _last_sequence = -1;
+    _playlist_reload_changed = true;
     setProxyUrl((*this)[Client::kProxyUrl]);
     setAllowResendRequest(true);
     fetchIndexFile();
@@ -202,10 +204,12 @@ void HlsPlayer::fetchSegment() {
 
 bool HlsPlayer::onParsed(bool is_m3u8_inner, int64_t sequence, const map<int, ts_segment> &ts_map) {
     if (!is_m3u8_inner) {
+        auto playlist_changed = _last_sequence != sequence;
+        _playlist_reload_changed = playlist_changed;
         // 这是ts播放列表  [AUTO-TRANSLATED:7ce3d81b]
         // This is the ts playlist
         // This is the ts playlist
-        if (_last_sequence == sequence) {
+        if (!playlist_changed) {
             // 如果是重复的ts列表，那么忽略  [AUTO-TRANSLATED:d15a47f3]
             // If it is a duplicate ts list, then ignore it
             // 但是需要注意, 如果当前ts列表为空了, 那么表明直播结束了或者m3u8文件有问题,需要重新拉流  [AUTO-TRANSLATED:438a8df0]
@@ -312,27 +316,23 @@ float HlsPlayer::delaySecond() {
     if (HlsParser::isM3u8() && HlsParser::getTargetDur() > 0) {
         float targetOffset;
         if (HlsParser::isLive()) {
-            // see RFC 8216, Section 4.4.3.8.
-            // 根据rfc刷新index列表的周期应该是分段时间x3, 因为根据规范播放器只处理最后3个Segment  [AUTO-TRANSLATED:07168708]
-            // According to the rfc, the refresh cycle of the index list should be 3 times the segment time, because according to the specification, the player only processes the last 3 Segments
-            // refresh the index list according to rfc cycle should be the segment time x3,
-            // because according to the specification, the player only handles the last 3 segments
-            targetOffset = (float)(3 * HlsParser::getTargetDur());
+            // RFC 8216 Section 6.3.4:
+            // after a changed playlist reload, wait at least one target
+            // duration; after an unchanged reload, wait half a target duration.
+            return _playlist_reload_changed ? (float) HlsParser::getTargetDur()
+                                            : (float) HlsParser::getTargetDur() / 2.0f;
         } else {
             // 点播则一般m3u8文件不会在改变了, 没必要频繁的刷新, 所以按照总时间来进行刷新  [AUTO-TRANSLATED:2ac0a29e]
             // On-demand generally does not change the m3u8 file, there is no need to refresh frequently, so refresh according to the total time
-            // On-demand, the m3u8 file will generally not change, so there is no need to refresh frequently,
             targetOffset = HlsParser::getTotalDuration();
         }
         // 取最小值, 避免因为分段时长不规则而导致的问题  [AUTO-TRANSLATED:073dff48]
         // Take the minimum value to avoid problems caused by irregular segment durations
-        // Take the minimum value to avoid problems caused by irregular segment duration
         if (targetOffset > HlsParser::getTotalDuration()) {
             targetOffset = HlsParser::getTotalDuration();
         }
         // 根据规范为一半的时间  [AUTO-TRANSLATED:07652637]
         // According to the specification, it is half the time
-        // According to the specification, it is half the time
         if (targetOffset / 2 > 1.0f) {
             return targetOffset / 2;
         }
diff --git a/src/Http/HlsPlayer.h b/src/Http/HlsPlayer.h
index ff797354..3f3d965a 100644
--- a/src/Http/HlsPlayer.h
+++ b/src/Http/HlsPlayer.h
@@ -130,6 +130,10 @@ private:
     int _timeout_multiple = MIN_TIMEOUT_MULTIPLE;
     int _try_fetch_index_times = 0;
     int _ts_download_failed_count = 0;
+    // RFC 8216 reload interval depends on whether the last media sequence
+    // changed. We intentionally keep this lightweight and only track the
+    // sequence number for live playlist refresh timing.
+    bool _playlist_reload_changed = true;
 
 protected:
     size_t _recvtotalbytes = 0;
diff --git a/src/Http/HttpClient.cpp b/src/Http/HttpClient.cpp
index ea39c826..4ee3f375 100644
--- a/src/Http/HttpClient.cpp
+++ b/src/Http/HttpClient.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,15 @@ using namespace toolkit;
 
 namespace mediakit {
 
+static bool connectionContainsClose(const string &connection) {
+    for (auto token : split(connection, ",")) {
+        if (strToLower(trim(std::move(token))) == "close") {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 void HttpClient::sendRequest(const string &url) {
     clearResponse();
     _url = url;
@@ -56,26 +65,24 @@ void HttpClient::sendRequest(const string &url) {
     }
     auto host_header = host;
     splitUrl(host, host, port);
+    auto keep_alive = _request_keep_alive;
+    auto persistent = _http_persistent && keep_alive;
+    bool protocol_changed = (_is_https != is_https);
+    bool host_changed = (_last_host != host + ":" + to_string(port)) || protocol_changed;
+    _last_host = host + ":" + to_string(port);
+    _is_https = is_https;
+
     _header.emplace("Host", host_header);
     _header.emplace("User-Agent", kServerName);
     _header.emplace("Accept", "*/*");
     _header.emplace("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8");
-    if (_http_persistent) {
-        _header.emplace("Connection", "keep-alive");
-    } else {
-        _header.emplace("Connection", "close");
-    }
-    _http_persistent = true;
+    _header.emplace("Connection", keep_alive ? "keep-alive" : "close");
     if (_body && _body->remainSize()) {
         _header.emplace("Content-Length", to_string(_body->remainSize()));
         GET_CONFIG(string, charSet, Http::kCharSet);
         _header.emplace("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=" + charSet);
     }
 
-    bool host_changed = (_last_host != host + ":" + to_string(port)) || (_is_https != is_https);
-    _last_host = host + ":" + to_string(port);
-    _is_https = is_https;
-
     auto cookies = HttpCookieStorage::Instance().get(_last_host, _path);
     _StrPrinter printer;
     for (auto &cookie : cookies) {
@@ -85,13 +92,24 @@ void HttpClient::sendRequest(const string &url) {
         printer.pop_back();
         _header.emplace("Cookie", printer);
     }
-    if (!alive() || host_changed || !_http_persistent) {
-        if (isUsedProxy()) {
+    if (isUsedProxy()) {
+        // All proxy traffic uses CONNECT, so reuse is limited to the same tunnel target.
+        bool proxy_reuse = alive() && persistent && !host_changed && _proxy_connected;
+
+        if (!proxy_reuse) {
+            _http_persistent = keep_alive;
             _proxy_connected = false;
-            startConnect(_proxy_host, _proxy_port, _wait_header_ms / 1000.0f);
+            startConnectWithProxy(host, _proxy_host, _proxy_port, _wait_header_ms / 1000.0f);
         } else {
-            startConnect(host, port, _wait_header_ms / 1000.0f);
+            SockException ex;
+            onConnect_l(ex);
         }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!alive() || host_changed || !persistent) {
+        _http_persistent = keep_alive;
+        startConnect(host, port, _wait_header_ms / 1000.0f);
     } else {
         SockException ex;
         onConnect_l(ex);
@@ -103,8 +121,9 @@ void HttpClient::clear() {
     _user_set_header.clear();
     _body.reset();
     _method.clear();
-    // 重置代理连接状态
-    _proxy_connected = false;
+    _request_keep_alive = true;
+    // Keep transport-level state so a live direct/proxy connection can still
+    // be reused after the caller resets only the per-request state.
     clearResponse();
 }
 
@@ -202,9 +221,8 @@ void HttpClient::onRecv(const Buffer::Ptr &pBuf) {
 
 void HttpClient::onError(const SockException &ex) {
     if (ex.getErrCode() == Err_reset && _allow_resend_request && _http_persistent && _recved_body_size == 0 && !_header_recved) {
-        // 连接被重置，可能是服务器主动断开了连接, 或者服务器内核参数或防火墙的持久连接空闲时间超时或不一致.  [AUTO-TRANSLATED:8a78f452]
-        // The connection was reset, possibly because the server actively closed the connection, or the server kernel parameters or firewall's persistent connection idle timeout or inconsistency.
-        // 如果是持久化连接，那么我们可以通过重连来解决这个问题  [AUTO-TRANSLATED:6c113e17]
+        // 连接被重置，可能是服务器主动断开了连接, 或者服务器内核参数或防火墙的持久连接空闲时间超时或不一致.
+        // 如果是持久化连接，那么我们可以通过重连来解决这个问题
         // If it is a persistent connection, we can solve this problem by reconnecting
         // The connection was reset, possibly because the server actively disconnected the connection,
         // or the persistent connection idle time of the server kernel parameters or firewall timed out or inconsistent.
@@ -219,12 +237,17 @@ void HttpClient::onError(const SockException &ex) {
 
 ssize_t HttpClient::onRecvHeader(const char *data, size_t len) {
     _parser.parse(data, len);
-    if (_parser.status() == "302" || _parser.status() == "301" || _parser.status() == "303") {
+    auto connection_close = connectionContainsClose(_parser["Connection"]);
+    if (connection_close) {
+        _http_persistent = false;
+    }
+    if (_parser.status() == "302" || _parser.status() == "301" || _parser.status() == "303" || _parser.status() == "307") {
         auto new_url = Parser::mergeUrl(_url, _parser["Location"]);
         if (new_url.empty()) {
             throw invalid_argument("未找到Location字段(跳转url)");
         }
-        if (onRedirectUrl(new_url, _parser.status() == "302")) {
+        bool temporary_redirect = _parser.status() == "302" || _parser.status() == "307";
+        if (onRedirectUrl(new_url, temporary_redirect)) {
             HttpClient::sendRequest(new_url);
             return 0;
         }
@@ -467,6 +490,13 @@ void HttpClient::setCompleteTimeout(size_t timeout_ms) {
     _wait_complete_ms = timeout_ms;
 }
 
+void HttpClient::setRequestKeepAlive(bool enable) {
+    _request_keep_alive = enable;
+    if (!enable) {
+        _http_persistent = false;
+    }
+}
+
 bool HttpClient::isUsedProxy() const {
     return _used_proxy;
 }
@@ -476,12 +506,34 @@ bool HttpClient::isProxyConnected() const {
 }
 
 void HttpClient::setProxyUrl(string proxy_url) {
+    auto old_used_proxy = _used_proxy;
+    auto old_proxy_host = _proxy_host;
+    auto old_proxy_port = _proxy_port;
+    auto old_proxy_auth = _proxy_auth;
+
     _proxy_url = std::move(proxy_url);
     if (!_proxy_url.empty()) {
+        _proxy_host.clear();
+        _proxy_port = 0;
+        _proxy_auth.clear();
         parseProxyUrl(_proxy_url, _proxy_host, _proxy_port, _proxy_auth);
         _used_proxy = true;
     } else {
         _used_proxy = false;
+        _proxy_host.clear();
+        _proxy_port = 0;
+        _proxy_auth.clear();
+        _proxy_connected = false;
+    }
+
+    auto proxy_config_changed = old_used_proxy != _used_proxy
+                                || old_proxy_host != _proxy_host
+                                || old_proxy_port != _proxy_port
+                                || old_proxy_auth != _proxy_auth;
+    if (proxy_config_changed) {
+        // A proxy mode or endpoint change must not reuse the previous transport.
+        _http_persistent = false;
+        _proxy_connected = false;
     }
 }
 
@@ -493,6 +545,10 @@ bool HttpClient::checkProxyConnected(const char *data, size_t len) {
     }
 
     _proxy_connected = false;
+    // CONNECT failed, which usually means the proxy rejected the tunnel request,
+    // does not support CONNECT for this target, or the proxy authentication is invalid.
+    WarnL << "proxy CONNECT failed, status line: "
+          << response.substr(0, response.find("\r\n"));
     return false;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/Http/HttpClient.h b/src/Http/HttpClient.h
index c7ca2433..caaa7a03 100644
--- a/src/Http/HttpClient.h
+++ b/src/Http/HttpClient.h
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ public:
     virtual void sendRequest(const std::string &url);
 
     /**
-     * 重置对象
-     * Reset object
+     * 重置当前请求相关状态，并尽量保留可复用的传输状态
+     * Reset per-request state while preserving reusable transport state when possible
      
      * [AUTO-TRANSLATED:d23b5bbb]
      */
@@ -168,10 +168,10 @@ public:
     void setHeaderTimeout(size_t timeout_ms);
 
     /**
-     * 设置接收body数据超时时间, 默认5秒
+     * 设置接收body数据超时时间, 默认10秒
      * 此参数可以用于处理超大body回复的超时问题
      * 此参数可以等于0
-     * Set the timeout for receiving body data, default 5 seconds
+     * Set the timeout for receiving body data, default 10 seconds
      * This parameter can be used to handle timeout issues for large body responses
      * This parameter can be equal to 0
      
@@ -189,6 +189,14 @@ public:
      */
     void setCompleteTimeout(size_t timeout_ms);
 
+    /**
+     * 设置请求头中的 keep-alive 语义，默认启用
+     * Set whether requests should advertise keep-alive semantics, enabled by default
+     
+     * [AUTO-TRANSLATED:6f62f63c]
+     */
+    void setRequestKeepAlive(bool enable);
+
     /**
      * 设置http代理url
      * Set http proxy url
@@ -276,7 +284,6 @@ private:
     void onResponseCompleted_l(const toolkit::SockException &ex);
     void onConnect_l(const toolkit::SockException &ex);
     void checkCookie(HttpHeader &headers);
-
 private:
     //for http response
     bool _complete = false;
@@ -289,7 +296,7 @@ private:
     std::shared_ptr<HttpChunkedSplitter> _chunked_splitter;
 
     //for request args
-    bool _is_https;
+    bool _is_https = false;
     std::string _url;
     HttpHeader _user_set_header;
     HttpBody::Ptr _body;
@@ -308,9 +315,10 @@ private:
     toolkit::Ticker _wait_body;
     toolkit::Ticker _wait_complete;
 
+    bool _request_keep_alive = true;
     bool _used_proxy = false;
     bool _proxy_connected = false;
-    uint16_t _proxy_port;
+    uint16_t _proxy_port = 0;
     std::string _proxy_url;
     std::string _proxy_host;
     std::string _proxy_auth;